Baxter, P. M. (1993). Psychology: A guide to reference and information sources. Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited.
(XBF 121 .B39 1993)

Reed, J. G., & Baxter, P. M. (2003). Library use: A handbook for psychology (3rd ed.). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
(XBF 76.8 .R43 2003)

Chapters provide information on selecting a topic, locating books and book reviews, using indexes to find journal articles, materials on tests and measurements, and current awareness sources.

ENCYCLOPEDIAS, DICTIONARIES, AND HANDBOOKS:

Damon, W. (Ed.). (1998). Handbook of child psychology (5th ed., Vols. 1-4). New York: Wiley.
(XBF 721 .H242 1998)

This work includes 19 chapters covering broad child psychological theories and the developments in the field. NOTE: Each of the 4 volumes has a separate author and subject index; you will want to look at each volume's index to ensure a comprehensive search.

(2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
(XRC 455.2 .C4 D545 2000)

Known as DSM-IV-TR (text revision), this is the standard diagnostic manual for classification of mental disorders.

Bersoff, D. N.  (1999). Ethical conflicts in psychology. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.
(BF76.4.E814 2003)

The volume consists of edited articles complete with commentary and citations to other published materials on the topic. Conflicting opinions about ethical and moral dilemmas are also presented. Included is the Canadian Code of Ethics as well as the Canadian Psychological Association's system for decision making on ethical standards.

Dunnette, M. D., & Hough, L. M. (Eds.). (1990-1994). Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology ( 2nd ed., Vols. 1-4). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. (XHF 5548.8 .H265)

This set contains chapters on theoretical constructs and methodology in industrial psychology. Each chapter includes a lengthy bibliography.

Friedman, H. S. (Ed.). (1998). Encyclopedia of mental health (Vols. 1-3). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
(XRA 790.5 .E53 1998)

Gilbert, D. T., Fiske, S. T., & Lindzey, G. (1998). The Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vols. 1-2). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
(XHM 251 .H2245 1998)

Kadzin, A. E. (Ed.). (2000). Encyclopedia of psychology (Vols. 1-8). New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
(XBF 31 .E523 2000)

This comprehensive new set contains both brief and lengthy articles on a wide range of psychology topics. Each signed article includes a list of references. Last volume contains a thematic outline of the contents as well as a subject index.

Manstead, A., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (1995). Blackwell encyclopedia of social psychology. Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell.
(XHM 251 .B476 1995)

Piotrowski, Nancy A. (Ed.). (2003). Magill's Encyclopedia of social science: Psychology. (v. 1-4). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press, Inc.
(XBF31.M33 2003Q)

A comprehensive view of Psychology is provided by examining its history, its core aspects, diagnoses, disorders, tests, notable people as well as popular concepts. Several appendices include: a Glossary, an annotated Bibiliography of nonfiction works by category, an annotated Web Site Directory for support groups and organizations as well as a list of hot lines, a Pharmaceutical List of drugs grouped by their uses, brief profiles of major Psychologists, and a list of Notable Court Cases.

Sheehy, N., Chapman, A. J., & Conroy, W. (Eds.). (1997). Biographical dictionary of psychology. London: Routledge.
(XBF 109 .A1 B56 1997)

Sternberg, R. J. (Ed.). Encyclopedia of human intelligence (Vols. 1-2). New York: Macmillan.
(XBF 431 .E59 1994)

COMPENDIA:

(1951, 1953 to present) Annual review of psychology. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
(XBF 30 .A56)

Each volume contains literature reviews on current topics in the field.

(1994 to present) International review of industrial and organizational psychology. New York: Wiley.
(HF 5548 .8 .I57)

DATABASES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES:

ABI Inform [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1970 - present. Indexes more than 1,300 journals on business, management, with 75% full-text.

ERIC (EBSCO) [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1966 - present. Indexes Current Journals in Education (CIJE) and Resources in Education (RIE). Funded by the Maryland Digital Library (MDL).

PsycINFO  [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1887 – present. Indexes 1,300 Psychology journals from nearly 50 countries. Also includes abstracts for dissertations, books and book chapters. Same coverage as PsycLit.Use the Thesaurus of psychological index terms (XZ 695.1 .P7T48 1997) in electronic or print format to locate subject terms for more precise search results.

PsycARTICLES [on campus]
This database provides full text articles on current issues in psychology from respected sources, spanning from 1987 to the present. PsycARTICLES includes more than 35,000 full-text articles from 49 journals published by American Psychological Association and allied organizations. All journals included in this database are indexed in PsycINFO. (for full list of journals see http://www.epnet.com/ifact/PsycARTICLES.pdf).

Credo Reference [on campus]
Content available throughCredo Reference includes a wide range of general reference titles together with a large collection of subject-specific books spanning 20 topics, covering everything from the arts to astronomy, law to literature and science to Shakespeare. Includes Concise encylopedia of psychology and The Penguin dictionary of psychology.

(1993-2000). Social sciences citation index. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information..
(XZ 7161 .S65) On CD-ROM (1993 to 2000) and in print (1966-1994) on index shelves.

Use SSCI to quickly find additional articles on one's topic by tracing the citations of a highly relevant or seminal article covering the topic of interest. Ask at the Reference Desk for CD-ROMs and assistance using them.

(1993 to present) Social sciences index.
Hardcopy (1984 - 1996) (XAI 3 .S62 ).

Catalog USMAI [help]
Books, journals, government documents and other materials in the University System of Maryland, including UB. You may search up to six individual locations or the entire system.

NetLibrary [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: Varies. A collection of E-texts covering specifically chosen by Maryland Academic Libraries. Funded by the Maryland Digital Library (MDL).

WorldCat [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: Varies. International database of collections (including books, journals , dissertations, documents, and other materials) held by libraries worldwide. Maryland libraries that own copies of the items display at the top of the list of libraries so you can easily determine if local libraries own the material needed. Records of any type of material cataloged by OCLC member libraries. Includes manuscripts written as early as the 12th century.

INTERNET SITES

Citing electronic sources using the APA style guide (see below)

This site provides excerpted information from the APA Publication Manual, 5th edition on how to cite electronic resources. The site is constantly updated, in order to keep you informed of changes in citation style for electronic sources.

Guide to writing research reports

Gives clear explanations and examples on how to write research papers using the publication style required by the American Psychological Association.

BOOKS

Amato, C. J.  (2002).  The world’s easiest guide to using the APA:  a user-friendly manual for formatting research papers according to the American Psychological Association  style guide. (3^rd ed.) (BF76.7 .A468 2002).

Nicol, A.A.M. & Pexman, P. M. (2003). Displaying your findings: A practical guide for creating figures, posters, and presentations. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association,
(XBF76.8.N53 2003Q)

This book acts as a supplement to the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. It provides instructions and examples on how to display findings in tables, charts, graphs and drawings as well as how to prepare posters and visual aids for conference presentations.

(2001). Publication manual of the American psychological association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
(XBF76.7.P83Q 2001)

Presents the style requirements for all manuscripts submitted for publication by the APA. Originally intended for APA members, use of the APA style has expanded to include papers written by professionals and students. Also consult, The World's easiest guide to using the APA: a user-friendly manual for formatting research papers.
(XBF76.7.A62 2002Q).

BOOKS

Goldman, B.A., Saunders, J. L., and Busch, J. C. (1996). Directory of unpublished experimental mental measures (Vols. 1-3). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. (XBF 431 .D57)

Groth-Marnat, G. (2003). Handbook of psychological assessment (4th ed.). New York: Wiley. (XBF 176 .G76 2003)

This includes detailed sections on behavioral assessment, Weschler Intelligence Scales, MMPI, Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and other tests.

Hersen, Michel. (Ed.). (2004). Comprehensive handbook of psychological assessment. (v. 1-4). . New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
(XBF176.C654 2004)

The Comprehensive Handbook of Psychological Assessment (CHOPA) consists of four volumes: 1) Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment; 2) Personality Assessment; 3) Behavioral Assessment; and 4) Industrial and Organizational Assessment. Each volume consists of an introduction which outlines the following issues: historical review, range of tests, theoretical considerations, psychometric concerns, tests appropriate for various populations, cross-cultural factors, testing persons with disabilities, legal and ethical concerns as well as computerization and considerations for the future.

Keyser, D. J., & Sweetland, R. C. (Eds.) (1994). Test critiques (Vols. 1, 2, 9, 10). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
(XBF 176 .T419 1994)

A companion to Tests and a source of critical reviews.

Maddox, T. (Ed.) (2003). Tests: A comprehensive reference for assessments in psychology, education, and business (5th ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
(XBF 176 .T43 2003)

Over half of this book is devoted to educational tests. A listing of over 3,000 tests arranged by three broad groups and subdivided by topic. Entries list level, purpose, description, timing, range, scoring, costs and publisher of the test; no validity or reliability data is supplied.

Murphy, L. L., Impara, J. C., & Plake, B. S. Plake (Eds.) Tests in print: An index to tests, test reviews, and the literature on specific tests (Vol. 2, 6). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
(XBF 698.5 .B878)
(Older editions located in XZ 5814 .E9B8 )

This set includes a bibliography of commercially published tests. The second volume offers a title index, an index to test acronyms, and an index of tests that have gone out of print since earlier editions, as well as a general subject index. All volumes index Mental Measurements Yearbooks. Index also available electronically. See online catalog for Web link.

DATABASES AND PERIODICAL INDEXES:

ABI Inform [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1970 - present. Indexes more than 1,300 journals on business, management, with 75% full-text.

Medline [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1966 – present. Indexes/abstracts more than 3,200 journals from the biomedical field.

PsycINFO  [on-campus] [help]
Coverage: 1887 – present. Indexes 1,300 Psychology journals from nearly 50 countries. Also includes abstracts for dissertations, books and book chapters. Same coverage as PsycLit.(1993-2000)

Social sciences citation index. Philadelphia: Institute for Scientific Information.
(XZ 7161 .S65) On CD-ROM (1993 to 2000) and in print (1966-1994) on INDEX SHELVES. Use SSCI to quickly find additional articles on one's topic by tracing the citations of a highly relevant or seminal article covering the topic of interest. Ask at the Reference Desk for CD-ROMs and assistance using them.

The purpose of citing sources is to give credit to the author for any ideas or quotations that you use, and to enable your reader to locate the sources.

How to cite?

The best time to document sources is when you are actually using them. It can be very difficult to go back at a later date to relocate your sources.

Step 1. Decide what type of resource you are using - a book? a web site? a magazine? an interview?

Step 2. Find the example in this brochure, or look it up in the APA manual.

Step 3. Write your citation, following the appropriate examples. Use the proper punctuation, but remember,your source might not have all of the parts listed in the guidelines and examples.

Important Note

Due to space constraints, the citations in this handout are not double-spaced; however, APA style requires that the text of the paper and the references list must be double-spaced.

APA Manual

The most common types of sources are listed in this brochure, but for explanations and examples of other types of sources, please ask your instructor, or refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) (Ref BF76.7 .P83 2001).

Books [top]

General notes about books:

· Names are listed last name, then initials, if name(s) is the first element of the citation.

Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
Use Ed. for one editor, Eds. for multiple editors.
Capitalize first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names.
Place of publication should include the city name and two letter state abbreviation unless a major city as listed on page 176 (APA Publication Manual)
Book by a single author
Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Chitty, D. (1996). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. New York: Oxford University Press.

Book by two or more authors
Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (1997). Of course you're angry: A guide to dealing with the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.

Book by a corporate author
Corporate author. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Children's Express. (1993). Voices from the future: Our children tell us about violence in America. New York: Crown.

Book by an unknown author
Title of book. (Year). Place of publication: Publisher.

The Koran. (1974). New York: Crescent Books.

Book with editors
Editor's name. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.). (1995). Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Introduction, preface, foreword, or afterword
Author of section being cited. (Year). Name of section. In author of book [initials last name], Title of book (pp. page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

Jeffrey, I. (1988). Introduction. In B. Savelev, Secret city: Photographs from the USSR (pp. 8-12). New York: Thames and Hudson.

Edition other than the first
Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Number of edition). Place of publication: Publisher.

Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked : A new revised edition of the national bestseller on making fearless presentations (New rev. ed.). Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel.

Pasachoff, J. (1992). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Work in an anthology
Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title of anthology (Vol. volume number if appropriate, pp. page numbers of selection). Place of publication: Publisher.

Updike, J. (1996). A & P. In M. Meyer (Ed.), The Bedford introduction to literature: Reading, thinking and writing (pp. 487-491). Boston: St. Martin's Press.

Encyclopedia or dictionary entry
Author's name. (Year). Entry heading or title. In Title of anthology (Vol. volume number if appropriate, pp. [page numbers of selection]). Place of publication: Publisher.

Tavris, C. (1989). Queen bee syndrome. In Women's studies encyclopedia (Vol. 1, p. 307). New York: Greenwood Press.

Eschatology. (1982). In Webster's new world dictionary of the American language (2nd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.

Multivolume work
Author's name. (Year). Title of multivolume work (Vol. volume number/s). Place of publication: Publisher.

Schlager, N. (Ed.). (1994-1999). How products are made: An illustrated guide to product manufacturing (Vols. 1-4). Detroit, MI: Gale Research.

Mills, L. (1996). Architecture of the Old South (Vols. 1-2). Savannah, GA: Beehive Foundation.

Periodicals [top]

General notes about periodicals:

Names are listed last name, then initials, if name(s) is the first element of the citation
Separate names with a comma, and an ampersand (&) before the last author
Dates - Daily newspapers & newsletters: Use (Year, Month Day). Monthly newspapers & magazines with no volume number: Use (Year, Month). Journals: Use (Year)
Titles - Article titles: capitalize first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names.
Journal titles - Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions
Issue numbers - Include if paginated by issue
Pages - Newspapers: use p. for one page, pp. for two or more pages. Magazines & journals: do not use p. or pp. before page numbers
Article in a journal or magazine with volume number and continuous pagination

Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal or journal, volume number, page numbers.
[Note: The issue number is not included if all the issues in the volume have continuous pagination that continue through all the issues of the volume.]

Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. (1953). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171, 737-738.

Jasper, W. F. (1997). Good cop, bad cop: Alarming expansion and bad police work define today's FBI. The New American, 13, 234-239.

Article in a journal or magazine paginated by issue
Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume number(issue number-only if issue starts with page 1 rather than continuously paginated through all issues), page numbers.

Jones, H. M. (1997). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix Review, 30(2), 6-10.

Gerry, R.. (1997, April-June). Tempo training for freestyle. Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42.

Article in a daily newspaper
Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper, pp. [pages].

Munsey, C., & Shuey, P. J. (1997, May 8). Bomb threats to become felony. The Capital, p. A1.

Editorial in a newspaper
Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article [Editorial]. Title of newspaper, pp. [pages].

Krauthammer, C. (2002, April 25). Why feed a mortal enemy? [Editorial]. The Washington Post, p. A27.

Unsigned article in a newspaper or magazine
Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of newspaper or magazine, pp. [pages].

Student health insurance policy. (2002, May 23). Anne Arundel College Campus Crier, p. 1.

Review of a book or film.
Reviewer's name. (Year). Title of Review [Review of the book/film Title of book or movie]. Title of magazine, volume number(issue number - if paginated by issue), pages.

Wrathall, J. (1997). [Review of the film That thing you do!]. Sight and Sound, 7, 57.

Reviewer's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the book/film Title of book or movie]. Title of newspaper, pp. [pages].

Maslin, J. (2001, December 11). Shakespeare saw a therapist? [Review of the movie Shakespeare in love]. The New York Times, p. E16.

Electronic Resources [top]

Aggregated databases
(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved date of access (month day, year, prefaced with "Retrieved" and ending with "from") from name of the database (ending with "database")

Ex: Journal article
Iwanowski, J. (1994). Goliath vs. Goliath: Best Buy battles Circuit City. Business Week, 54, 12. Retrieved May 9, 1997, from ABI/Inform database.
Cookson, C., Hargreaves, D., & Parker, G. (1999, March 21). Mad cow disease linked to humans. Financial Times, 1. Retrieved April 17, 2002, from Health Reference Center Academic database.

"We were just happy freaks, man:" Garcia in his own words. (2000). Rolling Stone, 16, 52-57. Retrieved May 16, 2001, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.

Ex.: Encyclopedia
Cockrum, E. L. (2001). Galápagos Islands. Encyclopedia Americana. Retrieved January 6, 2002, from Encyclopedia Americana Online database.
Newspaper
Mattel sues publisher over Barbie essays. (1999, December 6). New York Times national ed., C18. Retrieved January 5, 2002, from Contemporary Women's Issues database.

Boudette, N. (1999, October 20). In Europe: Surfing a Web of red tape. Wall Street Journal, p. B1. Retrieved October 29, 2000, from ABI/Inform database.

Ex. : Book
Price, J. (1996). Bret Easton Ellis: Overview. In S. W. Brown (Ed.), Contemporary novelists (6th ed). New York: St. James P. Retrieved January 7, 2000, from Literature Resource Center database.
Dzau, V. J., & Creager, M. A. (1999). Chapter 247: Diseases of the aorta. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. Retrieved January 7, 2000, from Harrison's Online database.

Ex. : No author, journal article
America's pampered pets. (2002). The CQ Researcher, 6, 1129-1152. Retrieved June 11, 2002, from Expanded Academic Index ASAP database.
E-mail. Mailing lists (listservs). Usenet news & forums

APA does not recommend including personal communications including private email messages because of the difficulty of recovering them at a later time. If you need to use a personal electronic communication and your professor requires that it be cited in your reference list, consult Electronic Styles: A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information (Li & Crane, Ref PN.171 .F56 L5 1996) for guidance.

Message posted to a newsgroup, only author's screen name available
Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address of newsgroup)

Aquawoman. (2002, April 3). Problems accessing information [Msg 21]. Message posted to news://sci.psychology.hynosis

Message posted to online forum or discussion group
Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address of URL)

Jones, D. O. (2002, March, 3). Geneology help [Msg 232]. Message posted to http://groups.yahoo. com/group/ geneology/message/232

Message posted to an electronic mailing list
Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Any identifier]. Message posted to (address of URL)

Clarke, F. (2002, April 13). Hyponsis [Msg 334]. Message posted to STUMPERS electronic mailing list, archived at http://www.umich.orgmail-archive/stumper-l/msg000334.htm

Web site - web document similar to a print document
(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved date of access (month day, year, prefaced with "Retrieved" and ending with "from") from URL of the document

Adams, R. G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seaman (Ed.), The electronic text center. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia, 1998. Retrieved January 7, 2000, from http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/modeng/modengA.html

Freud, S. (1899/1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A. A. Brill, Trans.). Retrieved January 21, 2000, from http://psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm

Cher (Cherilyn LaPiere Sarkisian). (2001). Cher. Biography.com. Retrieved January 2, 2002, from http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=23190

Web site - web document without a print document counterpart
Author's name (if any) (last name, initials). (Date of electronic publication or update). Title of the document (if there is no title, provide a [Description of content, in brackets]. Retrieved date of access (month day, year, prefaced with "Retrieved" and ending with "from") from URL of the document

Tanner Computer Services. (1999, July 7). The world famous hot dog page. Retrieved January 7, 2002, from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html

Kuo, H. (2001, October 14). [Home page]. Retrieved January 14, 2002, from http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g012/kuox0019/

Web site - magazine, journal or newspaper article
(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved date of access (month day, year, prefaced with "Retrieved" and ending with "from") from URL of the article

Reed, M. L. (1997). Algebraic structure of genetic inheritance. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 34, 107-130. Retrieved January 8, 2002, from http://www.ams.org/bull/1997-34-02

No page numbers for online article
Rosenberg, S. (1999, June 2). What is to be done about Microsoft? Salon. Retrieved January 10, 2002, from http://www.salon.com/tech/col/rose/1999/06/02/microsoft_breakup/index.html

Medical marijuana proponent is jailed pending bail hearing. (2000, January 4). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 7, 2001, from http://www.latimes.com/news/state.html

Document available on university program or department Web site, no date
Author. (Year or n.d. if no date). Title of Web document. Retrieved date of access from name of institution, program or department Web site: URL

Colman, W. C. (n.d.). Comparisons of grade point averages between men who join fraternities and men who do not join fraternities at Shady Rock University. Retrieved April 14, 2002, from Nova Southeastern University, Programs for Higher Education Web site: http://www.nova.edu/phe/phe_resources/online_documents.html

Dissertations, Theses, & Practicums [top]

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI via the Digital Dissertations database
Author (last name, first initial). (Year). Title of dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number series letter (A or B). Retrieved date retrieved from Digital Dissertations database.

Jitpraphai, S. (2001). Financial variables and merger premiums: Evidence from bank mergers. Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 (9), 3134A. (UMI No. AAT 3025476) Retrieved June 22, 2002, from Digital Dissertations database.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from UMI in print
Author. (Year). Title of publication. Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number [followed immediately by] series number [A or B]. (UMI No. xxxxxxxx)

Ex.: Dissertation from Nova Southeastern University
Cannon, C. (2001). Does moral education increase moral development? A reexamination of the moral reasoning abilities of working adult learners. Dissertation Abstracts International, 61 (12), 4851A. (UMI No. AAT 9999321)
Ex.: Dissertation from University of Texas at Austin
Garza, N. R. (1994). A description and analysis of selected successful developmental reading programs in Texas communities colleges. Dissertation Abstracts International, 55 (6). 1433A. (UMI No. AAT 9428519)
Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained in print from Nova Southeastern University
Author. (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral dissertation, name of institution, year of the dissertation). Dissertation Abstracts International, volume number (issue number), page number series number (A or B).

Bi, W. (2001). Knowledge discovery by attribute-oriented approach under directed acyclic concept graph (DACG) (Doctoral dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 (11), 5195B.

Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained at that university
See format in previous example.

Johnson, D. (2001). Designing bibliographic instruction online and face to face (Doctoral dissertation, University of Central Ohio, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 62 (8), 4672A.

Unpublished doctoral dissertation
Author. (Year). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, institution, location.

Bernardi, R. A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm industry: Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

[Note that dissertations before 1994 are from Nova University rather than Nova Southeastern University.]

Patterson, G. W. (2000). A comparison of multi-year instructional programs (looping) and regular education program utilizing scale scores in reading. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Unpublished doctoral practicum indexed in ERIC and retrieved online
See previous example. Include retrieval statement.

Sanford, C. A. (1997). Working from within the classroom: Improving the delivery of speech-language services to kindergarten at-risk students. Unpublished doctoral practicum, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED420967) Retrieved December 21, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

Unpublished doctoral applied dissertation available on university program or department Web site, no date:
Author. (n.d. if no date, otherwise Year). Title of dissertation. Unpublished doctoral name of document type, institution, city, state unless city name is also in name of institution. Retrieved date of access, from institution, department or program Web site: URL

Matlak, K. L. (n.d.). Outcomes evaluation of the Techology Property Initiative at Collin County Community College. Unpublished doctoral applied dissertation, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Retrieved May 11, 2002, from Nova Southeastern University, Programs for Higher Education Web site: http://www.nova.edu/phe/ phe_resources/ online_documents.htm

Unpublished doctoral MARP
Author. (Year). Title of document. Unpublished doctoral name of document, name of institution, place.

Digby, K. E. (1985). A comparison of the characteristics of successful and non-successful associate degree nursing students. Unpublished doctoral major applied research project, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.

[Note: If this is indexed in ERIC, you also need the ERIC ED number. If you obtain it full text online, you also need the retrieval statement.]

Unpublished master's research project indexed in ERIC and retrieved online
Author. (Year). Title of project. Unpublished master's type of document, name of institution, place. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. Ednumber) Retrieved date of access, from Name of Database followed by the word "database".

Brown, M. (2001). Increasing participation of female students in physical science class. Unpublished master's action research project, St. Xavier
University, Smithtown, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED455121) Retrieved December 24, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

Government Reports [top]

Government publications
Treat the government department, office, agency, or institute that produced the report as the author. If the organization that produced the report is not well known, precede with the higher organization. (Year). Title of publication (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher.

U.S. Department of Justice. (1995). Correctional populations of the United States, 1992. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.

Report available from the Government Printing Office (GPO) with a government institute as group author
Author. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Location: Publisher or agency.

Shafer, L. (1999). Data sources on lifelong learning available from the National Center for Education Statistics (GPO No: ED 1.310/2/:431892). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Note that it is DC without periods like state abbreviations, but U.S. has the periods

Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC)
Author. (Year). Title of publication (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EDnumber)

Schafer, L. L. (1999). Data sources on lifelong learning available from the National Center for Education Statistics. Work paper series (NCES-WP-1999-11). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED431892)

[Note: This record was located in ERIC. The previous citation was for the very same resource but the information was located in the GPO database. Note the similarity in the ED and GPO numbers.]

Government report not available from the Government Printing Office (GPO) or a document depository like ERIC or NTIS
Author (or treat the government department, office, agency, or institute that produced the report as corporate author. If the organization that produced the report is not well known, precede with the higher organization). (Year). Title of publication (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher.

Health, Services, and Human Services Division, General Accounting Office. (1998). Suicide prevention: Efforts to increase research and education in palliative care. Report to congressional requesters (GAO/HEHS-98-128). Washington, DC: General Accounting Office. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED420832)

Electronic version of U.S. government report available from GPO Access database on the Web (aggregated database)
See format in previous citation. Retrieved date of access, from name of agency via name of database: URL

Lewis, L., & Farris, E. (1996). Remedial education at higher education institutions in fall 1995 (GPO No: ED 1.328/5:R 28). Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education. Retrieved June 20, 2002, from General Accounting Office Reports online via GPO Access: http://www.access.gpo.gov/su_docs /aces/aces160.shtml?/gao/index.html

U.S. government report available on government agency Web site
Name of agency. (Year). Title of document (Report number). Retrieved date of access, from URL.

National Center for Higher Education. (2002). Statistical analysis report: Higher education (NCES 97-584). Retrieved June 22, 2002, from http://nces.ed.gov/pubs/97584.html

ERIC ED Documents [top]

General notes about ERIC ED documents:

ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) documents with ED accession numbers are usually but not always unpublished resources. If they are unpublished, you include the ED number in the citation.
Give the ERIC number in parentheses at the end of the entry unless the document was obtained full text online. In that case, the retrieval statement is last.
In cases of publications of limited circulation, the name and address of the publisher should be included in parentheses after the title and before the ERIC ED number.
Only documents such as ERIC digests that are actually obtained full text from the ERIC database should include a retrieval statement with ERIC as the source.
If journal articles or ERIC ED documents indexed in ERIC but are retrieved in another database, the retrieval statement needs to cite the database where the full-text document was retrieved.
ERIC digest retrieved full text in ERIC
Author. (Year). Title of document. Place of publication: Publisher. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EDnumber) Retrieved date of access from Name of Database and ending with the word "database".

McKay, K., & Sorenson, B. (1999). How to use ERIC to search your special education topic: Update 1999. ERIC Digest E573. Reston, VA: ERIC Clearinghouse on Disabilities and Gifted Education. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 434456) Retrieved December 12, 2001, from the ERIC database.

Unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC and retrieved from a Web site.
(Cite as you would a printed conference paper that was not published, followed by) Retrieved date of access (Month day, year) Name of Database and ending with the word "database".

Clay, D. (1998, April). WWW.2CHEAT.COM. Paper contributed to the Teaching in the Community Colleges Online Conference (3rd), Honolulu,
HI. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED450824) Retrieved December 23, 2001, from http://leahi.kcc.hawaii.edu/org/tcom98/rooks.html

Unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC.
(Cite as you would a printed conference paper that was not published and that was indexed in ERIC.)

Parks, W., & Odom, S. L. (2000, June-July). Reflections on community-based inclusive preschools. Paper presented at the Head Start National Research Conference, Washington, DC. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED450938)

ERIC document with limited circulation information.
Author. (Year of publication.) If no author, title of document first [Medium info if appropriate]. (Year of publication if no author.) (Name and mailing address where can obtain publication. A Web address can be used in place of or in addition to address. ) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EDnumber)

Enhancing education through technology: New tools to close the achievement gap. Satellite town meeting #79: May 15, 2001. [Videotape]. (2001). (Available from ED Pubs, P.O. Box 1398, Jessup, MD, 20794-1398) (ERIC Document Reproduction No. ED435672)

Education Development Center. (2001). Districts on the move: Unified student service in Boston public schools: Building a continuum of services through standards-based reform. (National Institute for Urban School Improvement, Education Development Center, Inc., 55 Chapel Street, Newton, MA, 02458.) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED455329)

CD-ROM indexed in ERIC
Author. (Year). Title of CD-ROM [Medium]. (Availability information) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EDnumber)

Pacific Resources for Education and Learning. (2001). Art of the Pacific Islands [CD-ROM]. (Available from Pacific Resources for Education and Learning,
1099 Alakea Street, 25th floor, Honolulu, HI 96813-4513) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED422222)

Government report indexed in ERIC
Author. (Year). Title of report (Report number). Place of publication: Publisher or agency of publication. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. EDnumber) Include retrieval statement if the full text of the document was retrieved online.

Hoffman, L. M. (2001). Key statistics on public elementary and secondary schools and agencies: School year 1997-98. Survey report (NCES-2001-304R). Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED452279) Retrieved December 23, 2001, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

Data file, available from ERIC Clearinghouse Web site
Name of clearinghouse. (Year). Title of document [Data file]. Available from place to obtain cited material Web site: URL

ERIC Clearinghouse for Assessment and Evaluation. (2002). Data coordination/standard work groups status reports [Data file]. Available from National Center for Research Web site: http://cresst96.cse.ucla.edu/

Proceedings [top]

Published conference paper in conference proceedings
Author. (Year,). Title of paper. In Editor (first initial, last name) (Ed.) Title of conference proceedings (page numbers). Place of publication: Publisher.

Gibson, C. C. (1995). Impact of the larger social context on the distance learner. International Council for Distance Education: One world many voices: Quality in open and distance learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago: Milton Keynes.

Conference paper published in a journal
Format like journal article retrieved at online Web site.

Campbell, C. (1998, August). Quality assessment in distance education. Annual Conference on Distance Teaching and Learning, 507-510. Retrieved March 22, 2002, from http://www.CDTL.org/index/disted/12333.htm

Unpublished conference paper
Author. (Year, month). Title of paper. Paper presented at name of conference, city, state.

Martins, J. R. (1999, April). Working with the terminally ill: An integrated theoretical model. Paper presented at the American Counseling Association World Conference, San Diego, CA.

Unpublished conference paper indexed in ERIC and retrieved in a full-text online database
Author. (Year, month). Title of paper. Paper presented at (name of conference), city, state. [Include ERIC ED number if indexed in ERIC and retrieval statement if retrieved online.]

Kelly, J. (1997, March). Effects of traditional and professional development school preservice training models on teacher attrition after three years. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, IL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED408256) Retrieved June 22, 2002, from ERIC E-Subscribe database.

Conference paper presented at a virtual conference
Author. (Year). Title of conference paper. Paper presented at the Name of conference. Retrieved date of access, from URL [There is no geographic location, page numbers, or month with year of publication.]

Steinbrecker, D. (2002). The care and feeding of an online instructional site. Paper presented at the Distance Education virtual conference. Retrieved July 14, 2002, from http://www.umuc.au/ conference/ disted/care.html

Other Resources [top]

Interview - conducted by the researcher
Interviews are personal communications, which are only cited in the text of the paper, not in the reference list.

APA does not recommend including personal communications because of the difficulty of recovering them at a later time.

Film or video recording
Name of the producer (Producer), & Name of the director (Director). (Year of release). Title [Medium]. Distributor.

Jarre, K., Carr, P. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (1999). The mummy [Videotape]. MCA Universal Home Video.

Television program - broadcast
Producer's name (Producer). (Broadcast date). Title of the program [Television program]. Station or viewing location: name of the station or network.

Garwood, S. (Producer). (1998, December 31). EastEnders [Television program]. Clarksville, MD: BBC America.

Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted.
Author. (Year). Title of document. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Lucio, L, & Tuñón, J. T. (2001). Designing library instruction for international online students. Manuscript submitted for publication.

For additional web site examples, consult the APA web site: http://www.apa.org/journals/webref.html

Psychology Research Links
Index / Psychology Research Links
American Counseling Association Welcome. (2000, April 17). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. http://www.counseling.org/

American Psychoanalytic Association. (2000, April 12). New York: The Association.
http://apsa.org/

American Psychoanalytic Association. Search the psychoanalytic literature
via the Jourlit/Bookrev databasesSearch the psychoanalytic literature via the Jourlit/Bookrev databases. (1999, November 17). New York: The Association. http://apsa.org/lit/index.htm

American Psychological Association. (2000, April 16). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
http://www.apa.org/

APS: The American Psychological Society. (2000, April 18). Washington, DC: American Psychological Society.
http://www.psychologicalscience.org/

Archives of General Psychiatry. (2000, April 13). Chicago, IL: American Medical Association.
http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/

Career Services, George Warren Brown School of Social Work. (2000, April 3). Social Work and Social Services Jobs Online. St Louis, MO: Washington University.
http://gwbweb.wustl.edu/jobs/index.html

Dewey, R. A. (2000, April 11). Psych web. Statesboro, GA: Georgia State University.
http://www.psychwww.com

Electronic reference formats recommended by the American Psychological Association. (2000, February 28). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html

Grohol, J. G. (2000, April 13). Psych Central: Dr. Grohol's Mental Health Page. Austin, Texas: John G. Grohol.
http://psychcentral.com/

Library Research in Psychology: Finding it Easily. (1999, February). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
http://www.apa.org/science/lib.html

Long, P. W. (1999, December 22). Internet Mental Health. Vancouver, BC: Internet Mental Health.
http://www.mentalhealth.com/

Mental Health Net. (2000, April 18). Dublin, OH: Mental Health Net. http://mentalhelp.net/

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill - NAMI. (2000). Rosslyn, VA: NAMI.
http://www.nami.org/

NIMH - National Institute of Mental Health. (2000, March 20). Washington, DC: The Institute.
http://www.nimh.nih.gov/

Oehlmann, R.. (2000). Cognitive and Psychological Sciences on the Internet. Colchester, UK: University of Essex.
http://www-psych.stanford.edu:80/cogsci/

Orey, H. Mental Health Infosource. Irvine, CA: CME.
http://www.mhsource.com/

Plous, S. (2000, March 30). Social Psychology Network. Middletown, CT: Social
Psychology Network.
http://www.socialpsychology.org/

Saghafi, E. (2000). Mental Health Resources. Pittsburgh, PA: Health Sciences Library System, University of Pittsburgh.
http://www.hsls.pitt.edu/intres/index.html?type=mental

The Society for Industrial and and Organizational Psychology (SIOP). (2000, April 18). Bowling Green, OH: SIOP.
http://www.siop.org/

Surgeon General. (2000, February 18). Mental health: A report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/sgoffice.htm

Howto_Psychology: 9/04 jw