CITING SOURCES, APA STYLE (5th edition)
Books
| Periodicals
| Electronic Resources | Dissertations &
Theses | Other Resources
Why cite?
The purpose of citing sources is to give credit to the author for any ideas or quotations that you use, and to enable your reader to locate the sources.
How to cite?
The best time to document sources is when you are actually using them. It can be very difficult to go back at a later date to relocate your sources.
Step 1. Decide what type of resource you are using - a book? a web site? a magazine? an interview?
Step 2. Find the example in this brochure, or look it up in the APA manual.
Step 3. Write your citation, following the appropriate examples. Use the proper punctuation, but remember,your source might not have all of the parts listed in the guidelines and examples.
Important Note
Due to space constraints, the citations in this handout are not double-spaced; however, APA style requires that the text of the paper and the references list must be double-spaced.
APA Manual
The most common types of sources are listed in this brochure, but for explanations and examples of other types of sources, please ask your instructor, or refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) (Ref BF76.7.P83 2010).
Books [top]
General notes about books:
· Names are listed last name, then initials, if name(s) is the first element of the citation.
- Separate names with a comma, and use an ampersand (&) before the last author.
- Use Ed. for one editor, Eds. for multiple editors.
- Capitalize first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names.
- Place of publication should include the city name and two letter state abbreviation unless a major city as listed on page 176 (APA Publication Manual)
Book
by a single author
Author's name. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Chitty, D. (1996). Do lemmings commit suicide? Beautiful hypotheses and ugly facts. New York: Oxford University Press.
Book
by two or more authors
Author's names. (Year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher.
Rosellini, G., & Worden, M. (1997). Of course you're angry: A guide to dealing with the emotions of substance abuse (Rev. ed.). Center City, MN: Hazelden.
Book
with editors
Editor's name. (Ed.). (Year). Title of book. Place of publication:
Publisher.
Moen, P., Elder, G., & Luscher, K. (Eds.). (1995). Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Edition
other than the first
Author's name. (Year). Title of book (Number of edition). Place
of publication: Publisher.
Hoff, R. (1992). I can see you naked : A new revised edition of the national bestseller on making fearless presentations (New rev. ed.). Kansas City, MO: Andrews and McMeel.
Pasachoff, J. (1992). Field guide to the stars and planets (3rd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Work
in an anthology
Author's name. (Year). Title of selection. In Editor's name (Ed.), Title
of anthology (Vol. volume number if appropriate, pp. page numbers
of selection). Place of publication: Publisher.
Updike, J. (1996). A & P. In M. Meyer (Ed.), The Bedford introduction to literature: Reading, thinking and writing (pp. 487-491). Boston: St. Martin's Press.
Encyclopedia
or dictionary entry
Author's name. (Year). Entry heading or title. In Title of anthology
(Vol. volume number if appropriate, pp. [page numbers of selection]).
Place of publication: Publisher.
Tavris, C. (1989). Queen bee syndrome. In Women's studies encyclopedia (Vol. 1, p. 307). New York: Greenwood Press.
Eschatology. (1982). In Webster's new world dictionary of the American language (2nd ed.). New York: Simon and Schuster.
Periodicals [top]
General notes about periodicals:
- Names are listed last name, then initials, if name(s) is the first element of the citation
- Separate names with a comma, and an ampersand (&) before the last author
- Dates - Daily newspapers & newsletters: Use (Year, Month Day). Monthly newspapers & magazines with no volume number: Use (Year, Month). Journals: Use (Year)
- Titles - Article titles: capitalize first word in titles and subtitles, and proper names.
- Journal titles - Capitalize all words except articles and prepositions
- Issue numbers - Include if paginated by issue
- Pages - Newspapers: use p. for one page, pp. for two or more pages. Magazines & journals: do not use p. or pp. before page numbers
- DOI - The digital object identifer (DOI) is a unique number assigned to an article that has been published and made available electronically. APA recommends that when DOIs are available, you include them for both print and electronic sources. You will typically find the DOI on the first page of an electronic journal article. The DOI helps users identify sources and provide a persistent link to the source on the Web.
Article in a journal or magazine with volume number and continuous pagination
Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal or journal, volume number, page numbers. doi:xxx.xxxxxxxxxx
Watson, J. D., & Crick, F. H. (1953). A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature, 171, 737-738. doi:10.1038/171737a0
Jasper, W. F. (1997). Good cop, bad cop: Alarming expansion and bad police work define today's FBI. The New American, 13, 234-239.
Article
in a journal or magazine paginated by issue
Author's name. (Year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume
number(issue number-only if issue starts with page 1 rather than continuously
paginated through all issues), page numbers.
Jones, H. M. (1997). The attractions of stupidity. The St. Croix Review, 30(2), 6-10.
Gerry, R.. (1997, April-June). Tempo training for freestyle. Swimming Technique, 34(1), 40-42.
Article
in a daily newspaper
Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of newspaper,
pp. [pages].
Munsey, C., & Shuey, P. J. (1997, May 8). Bomb threats to become felony. The Capital, p. A1.
Editorial
in a newspaper
Author's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of article [Editorial]. Title
of newspaper, pp. [pages].
Krauthammer, C. (2002, April 25). Why feed a mortal enemy? [Editorial]. The Washington Post, p. A27.
Unsigned
article in a newspaper or magazine
Title of article. (Year, Month Day). Title of newspaper or magazine,
pp. [pages].
Student health insurance policy. (2002, May 23). Anne Arundel College Campus Crier, p. 1.
Review
of a book or film.
Reviewer's name. (Year). Title of Review [Review of the book/film Title
of book or movie]. Title of magazine, volume number(issue
number - if paginated by issue), pages.
Wrathall, J. (1997). [Review of the film That thing you do!]. Sight and Sound, 7, 57.
Reviewer's name. (Year, Month Day). Title of review [Review of the book/film Title of book or movie]. Title of newspaper, pp. [pages].
Maslin, J. (2001, December 11). Shakespeare saw a therapist? [Review of the movie Shakespeare in love]. The New York Times, p. E16.
Electronic Resources [top]
Electronic Journal Article.
[Note: When a DOI is available, include it in the citation. If a DOI is not available and the text was retrieved online, include a link to the journal's homepage.]
Iwanowski, J. (1994). Goliath vs. Goliath: Best Buy battles Circuit
City. Business Week, 54, 12. From
http://www.businessweek.com/
Cole, P. M. & Johnson, K. (2007). An exploration of successful copreneurial relationships postdivorce. Family Business Review, 20. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6248.2007.00093
Online Newspaper.
Mattel sues publisher over Barbie essays. (1999, December 6). New
York Times national ed., C18. From http://nytimes.com
Boudette, N. (1999, October 20). In Europe: Surfing a Web of red tape. Wall Street Journal, p. B1. From http://online.wsj.com/home-page
E-Book.
Fitzpatrick, J., Wright, D. & Secrist, J. (1998). Secrets for a successful dissertation (3rd ed). Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage Publications, Inc. From http://www.netlibrary.com
Geil, W. E. (1905). A yankee in pigmy land. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Retrieved from http://books.google.com
Email Messages
APA does
not recommend including personal communications including private email
messages because of the difficulty of recovering them at a later time.
If you need to use a personal electronic communication and your professor
requires that it be cited in your reference list, consult Electronic Styles:
A Handbook for Citing Electronic Information (Li & Crane, Ref PN.171
.F56 L5 1996) for guidance.
Message
posted to online forum or discussion group
Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Any
identifier]. Message posted to (address of URL)
Jenise. (2006, March 21). Re: Pattypan Squash[Online forum comment]. Retrieved from http://www.wineloverspage.com/forum/village/viewtopic.php?f=5&t=25860
Message
posted to an electronic mailing list
Author or screen name. (Year, Month day). Subject line of message [Any
identifier]. Message posted to (address of URL)
Farrell, T. (2001, February 1). More shameless self-promotion [Electronic mailing list message]. Retrieved from http://www.media-ecology.org/list/mediaecology/2001-02.txt
Web
site - web document similar to a print document
(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved from URL
Adams, R. G. (1937). Librarians as enemies of books. In D. Seaman (Ed.), The electronic text center. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia, 1998. Retrieved from http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/modeng/modengA.html
Freud, S. (1899/1911). The interpretation of dreams (3rd ed.). (A. A. Brill, Trans.). Retrieved from http://psychwww.com/books/interp/toc.htm
Cher (Cherilyn LaPiere Sarkisian). (2001). Cher. Biography.com. Retrieved from http://search.biography.com/print_record.pl?id=23190
Web
site - web document without a print document counterpart
Author's name (if any) (last name, initials). (Date of electronic publication
or update). Title of the document (if there is no title, provide
a [Description of content, in brackets]. Retrieved date of access (date of access necessary only if online content is likely to change, as is the case with a wiki)
from URL of the document
Tanner Computer Services. (1999, July 7). The world famous hot dog page. Retrieved from http://www.xroads.com/~tcs/hotdog/hotdog.html
Kuo, H. (2001, October 14). [Home page]. Retrieved from http://www.tc.umn.edu/nlhome/g012/kuox0019/
Web
site - magazine, journal or newspaper article
(Cite as you would a printed source, followed by) Retrieved from URL of the article
Reed, M. L. (1997). Algebraic structure of genetic inheritance. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 34, 107-130. Retrieved from http://www.ams.org/bull/1997-34-02
No
page numbers for online article
Rosenberg, S. (1999, June 2). What is to be done about Microsoft? Salon.
Retrieved from http://www.salon.com/tech/col/rose/1999/06/02/microsoft_breakup/index.html
Medical marijuana proponent is jailed pending bail hearing. (2000, January 4). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 7, 2001, from http://www.latimes.com/news/state.html
Dissertations & Theses [top]
Dissertation or Thesis from a database
Author (last name, first initial). (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral dissertation or Master's Thesis). Retrieved from Name of database (Accession or Order No.)
Whitehouse, C. (2009). Nineteenth-century American women writers: Imagining feminism (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Disserations and Theses database. (UMI No. 3351521)
Dissertation or Thesis from an insitutional database
Author (last name, first initial). (Year). Title of dissertation (Doctoral dissertation or Master's Thesis).Retrieved from URL of database
Johnson, C. (2004) A fish without a bicycle: Women's use of humor for social change (Honor's Thesis). Retrieved from http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd
Unpublished
doctoral dissertation
Author. (Year). Title of dissertation (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of institution, Location.
Bernardi, R. A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm industry: Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL.
Other Resources [top]
Blog post
Author. (Date) Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Howard, J. P. (2009, August 5). Important services [Web log message]. Retrieved from http://ubaltblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/important-services.html
Interview
- conducted by the researcher
Interviews are personal communications, which are only cited in the text
of the paper, not in the reference list.
Film
or video recording
Name of the producer (Producer), & Name of the director (Director).
(Year of release). Title [Medium]. Distributor.
Apatow, J. & Robertson, S. (Producers), & Sommers, S. (Director). (2009). Pineapple Express [DVD]. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.
Music recording
Artist name. (Year). Track title. On Album Name [Medium]. Location: Record Company.
Beastie Boys. (1989). The sounds of science. On Paul's Boutique [CD]. New York: Capitol Records.
Podcast
Name of producer (Producer). (Year, Month Day). Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Kenney, C. (Producer). (2009, August 3). Planet Money [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/rss/podcast/podcast_detail.php?siteId=94411890
Article from a wiki
Cite as you would a Web site, but include retrieval date, as wikis are subject to frequent changes.
Organic gardening made easy (2007, December 6). In Playgreen. Retrieved August 18, 2009 from http://playgreen.org/Wiki/organicgardeningmadeeasy
YouTube Video
Author. (Date) Title [Format]. Retrieved from URL
Blakekelly0. (2008, September 1). Kittens inspired by kittens [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FtX8nswnUKU
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For additional assistance using APA style, please contact a librarian or consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) (Ref BF76.7.P83 2010).
8/09 CRJ